Nov 20, 2024

Complete Guide to Different Types of Gemstones

by Bianca de Leon

Are you curious about the variety of gemstones and their unique qualities?

Each gemstone is a masterpiece of nature, flaunting a unique mix of color, history, and symbolism.

From the royal appeal of sapphires to the vibrancy of rubies, the world of gemstones is endlessly fascinating. Exploring the different types can help you choose the perfect piece to complement any occasion or outfit.

In this blog post, we'll discuss the different types of gemstones and what makes them so significant. Have a look!

What Are the 5 Main Categories of Gemstones?

Gemstones can be categorized in several ways, primarily based on their origin, rarity, and chemical composition. Here are the main categories:

Precious Gemstones - Highly valuable due to their beauty, rarity, and durability.
Semi-Precious Gemstones - Valued for their beauty and are more abundant than precious gemstones.
Organic Gemstones - Originated from living organisms
Synthetic and Lab-Created Gemstones - Created in laboratories and mimic the properties of natural stones.
Composite Gemstones - Made from two or more materials, either to enhance the look or to strengthen a weaker gemstone. Common examples include doublets and triplets, which are layers of material fused together.

Every gemstone type brings its own special qualities and beauty, appealing to a variety of tastes and budgets.

The Four Precious Gemstones

Precious gemstones are known for their high value, rarity, and often distinct colors. These stones have historically been cherished across cultures for their beauty and symbolic meanings. Precious gemstones are most commonly used in jewelry.

1. The Diamond: Brilliance and Endurance

Origins: Major sources include South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia.

Mohs Hardness: 10 (the hardest known natural material)

Diamonds have been admired for centuries for their brilliance and fire. In the symbol of gemstones, they are represented as love. They are the most complex natural materials, admired for centuries for their brilliance and fire. They are formed from carbon under intense pressure and heat deep within the Earth's mantle.

The rank 10 on the Mohs scale makes it ideal for daily wear jewelry, especially engagement rings. Diamonds are graded based on the 4Cs: cut, color, clarity, and carat weight. The ideal color is colorless, though diamonds come in hues ranging from yellow to pink, blue, and even black.

This precious gemstone symbolizes love, endurance, and strength with a timeless appeal, making it a staple in jewelry for centuries. Beyond beauty, diamonds are prized for their durability, and many consider them an investment piece due to their high value and lasting quality.

Find out the difference between a diamond and a gemstone

2. Ruby: King of Gemstones

Origins: Myanmar (Burma) is famous for producing high-quality rubies, which can also be found in Thailand and Madagascar.

Mohs Hardness: 9

Rubies are the red variety of corundum and are among the most valued gemstones. Known as the “king of gemstones,” they have a rich history and are often associated with passion and power.

The intense red hue of ruby has long symbolized love, passion, and courage. The finest rubies boast a rich, vibrant color known as “pigeon’s blood” red, which is highly sought after.

Rubies are highly durable and perfect for rings, pendants, and other frequently worn jewelry. Historically, royalty prized rubies and have been called the “king of precious stones” in ancient Sanskrit. Popular in fine jewelry, rubies are also favored in royal and historical pieces due to their vibrant color. They’re believed to offer protection and inspire confidence, adding to their mystique and allure.

3. Sapphire: The Gem of Wisdom and Royalty

Origins: High-quality emeralds are primarily found in Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia.

Mohs Hardness: 9

Sapphires are a type of corundum and come in various colors, though the most popular is blue. For centuries, they have been associated with royalty and wisdom.

Sapphires are typically associated with a deep, royal blue color, though they are available in many hues, including pink, yellow, and green. Blue sapphires are symbols of wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. Like rubies, sapphires score a 9 on the Mohs scale, making them durable and well-suited. The “cornflower blue” sapphire is considered especially valuable and rare.

Over centuries, sapphires have adorned royal families and become a popular engagement ring choice. Frequently used in rings, necklaces, and other types of fine jewelry. Some sapphires also display a star-like phenomenon known as asterism. They’re thought to promote mental clarity and insight, appealing to those seeking a stone with spiritual significance.

4. Emerald: The Jewel of Rebirth

Origins: High-quality emeralds are primarily found in Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia.

Mohs Hardness: 7.5 - 8

Emeralds are famed for their lush green color and unique beauty. Symbolizing growth, rebirth, and love, emeralds are valued for their vivid hue, which ranges from a soft, verdant shade to deep, intense green.

While slightly softer than diamonds and sapphires, emeralds are popular for rings, earrings, and necklaces. They are often cut in rectangular or step shapes to highlight their color.

Due to their natural inclusions, or “Jardin,” each emerald is distinct, making each stone uniquely beautiful. In history, emeralds were believed to bring balance and healing, adding to their appeal for those drawn to their natural energy.

Precious Gemstones Jewelry Available at Gems Jewelers Co.

The 7 Semi-Precious Gemstones

Semi-precious gemstones are more abundant than precious stones, making them generally more affordable but equally beautiful. Each gemstone carries unique attributes and history.

1. Amethyst: The Tranquil Violet Gemstone

Origins: Brazil, Uruguay, and Zambia are major sources, though amethysts can be found globally.

Mohs Hardness: 7

Amethyst is a striking purple variety of quartz and is one of the most popular semi-precious gemstones. The color can range from pale lavender to deep violet, with the richest hues highly prized. Amethyst is believed to possess calming and spiritual properties, often associated with promoting clarity of mind and aiding in meditation.

Historically, amethysts were considered rare and valuable, worn by royalty and spiritual leaders. Now, they are more affordable and widely used in rings, necklaces, and bracelets.

2. Topaz: The Gem of Clarity and Fire

Origins: Commonly found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka.

Mohs Hardness: 8

Topaz is known for its wide range of colors, from colorless to yellow, orange, pink, and even the rare blue. The blue variant, in particular, has become very popular for jewelry. Topaz is durable and suitable for everyday use in rings, earrings, and pendants.

Historically, topaz has been considered a symbol of strength and protection, often believed to ward off negativity. This gemstone is often heat-treated to enhance its color, especially in the case of blue topaz. Its affordability and versatility make it a favorite among gemstone enthusiasts.

3. Aquamarine: The Sea-Colored Gemstone

Origins: Primarily mined in Brazil, Nigeria and Madagascar.

Mohs Hardness: 7.5-8

Aquamarine, a variety of the beryl family, is prized for its clear, pale blue to greenish-blue color, resembling the ocean. It is durable and perfect for daily wear. The gemstone's calm, soothing color is associated with tranquility, harmony, and courage. In ancient times, aquamarine was believed to calm waves and protect sailors, earning it a reputation as a “sailor’s stone.”

Aquamarine is often found in large crystals, making it ideal for cutting into sizable gemstones. Major sources of aquamarine include Brazil, Pakistan, and Madagascar, with the most valuable stones often showing the clearest, most vivid blue.

4. Garnet: The Gemstone of Friendship and Loyalty

Origins: Found worldwide, including in the U.S., India, and Sri Lanka.

Mohs Hardness 6.5 to 7.5

Garnet is a group of silicate minerals that are most often found in rich red hues, although they can also appear in shades of green, yellow, and even colorless.

Garnets are relatively hard, meaning they can be worn frequently without much risk of damage. Garnets are known for their deep, warm colors, and they are believed to represent vitality, strength, and passion. These gemstones have been used in jewelry for thousands of years, especially in ancient Egypt.

5. Opal: The Mystical Gemstone

Origins: Australia is the primary source of opals, though they are also found in Ethiopia and Mexico.

Mohs Hardness: 5.5-6.5

Opals are unique due to their distinctive play-of-color, where flashes of multiple colors appear when the stone is moved under light. Unlike many gemstones, opals do not have a crystalline structure but are instead made of hydrated silica.

Opals range from white to black, and the most valuable varieties, known as "black opals," display the most vivid color play. Opals require more care than harder gemstones, as they are susceptible to scratching and breaking. The opal has long been regarded as a stone of mystery and inspiration, often linked to creativity and artistic vision. The majority of opals come from Australia, which is renowned for producing some of the finest examples.

6. Peridot: The Gemstone of Light and Renewal

Origins: The primary sources of peridot include Egypt, Arizona, and Myanmar.

Mohs Hardness: 6.5–7

Peridot is a striking green gemstone that is unique in that it is found in only one color green, which can range from yellow-green to olive. It is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and is one of the few gemstones found in meteorites, making it even rarer. Peridot is a relatively soft stone, which means it’s better suited for pieces of jewelry that are not exposed to rough wear.

This gemstone symbolizes renewal, growth, and prosperity, often associated with bringing positive energy and good luck. Peridot is mined in various parts of the world, and the best quality stones come from Arizona, Myanmar, and China.

7. Citrine: The Gemstone of Warmth and Positivity

Origins: Found in Brazil, Madagascar, and Zambia.

Mohs Hardness: 7

Citrine, a yellow-to-orange variation of quartz, is often called the "stone of abundance" due to its association with wealth, positivity, and prosperity. Citrine is it relatively durable, and it can be worn daily without much worry. The stone’s color ranges from pale yellow to deep amber and is a popular choice for both traditional and modern jewelry designs.

Unlike some gemstones, citrine is commonly heat-treated to enhance its color, which makes it more affordable and widely available. Brazil is the primary source of natural citrine, although heat-treated amethyst can also be used to produce citrine-like stones.

List of Organic Gemstones

Organic gemstones differ from other gemstones because they are derived from natural, biological sources rather than minerals. They have distinct appeal and properties that make them quite valuable.

1. Amber: The Fossilized Tree Resin

Origins: The most well-known amber comes from the Baltic region, although amber is also found in the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Burma.

Mohs Hardness: 2–2.5

Amber is a fossilized tree resin that has been preserved over millions of years. It is typically golden to orange in color but can also be found in shades of red, green, and even blue. Amber is prized for its warm, translucent appearance and its ability to trap ancient inclusions, such as insects and plant material, making each piece unique.

It is quite soft and still used in jewelry due to its rich history and beauty. Ancient cultures valued amber for its mystical properties, believing it could offer healing and protection. Amber is mostly found in the Baltic region, though it can also be found in the Dominican Republic and parts of the Americas.

2. Pearl: The Ocean's Lustrous Gem

Origins: Pearls are harvested from both saltwater and freshwater sources. Major producers include Japan, China, Australia, and the Persian Gulf.

Mohs Hardness: 2.5–4.5

Pearls are organic gemstones formed within mollusks such as oysters and mussels. They are unique because they are the only gemstone created by living organisms. Pearls come in a variety of colors, ranging from classic white to shades of pink, black, and gold.

The finest pearls, particularly natural ones, are rare and highly valued. Pearls are cherished for their lustrous sheen due to the nacre layers formed by the mollusk around a small irritant. They are often used in high-end jewelry, especially necklaces, earrings, and rings.

Pearls require gentle care. Major pearl-producing regions include the South Sea, Tahiti, and Japan, with cultured pearls being the most commonly available on the market.

3. Coral: A Gem of the Sea

Origins: Coral is primarily found in the Mediterranean Sea, Japan, and Indonesia.

Mohs Hardness: 3.5–4

Coral, another organic gemstone, is formed from the skeletons of marine organisms called coral polyps. It is typically red, pink, or orange in color, although black and white varieties exist. Coral is prized for its vibrant hues and natural luster, making it popular in Mediterranean and Asian jewelry traditions.

Coral is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, so it requires care to avoid scratches. In ancient times, coral was believed to have protective properties and was used as an amulet against evil.

Overfishing has threatened coral populations, so much of the coral used in jewelry today is sustainably sourced. Coral is mostly found in the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

4. Jet: A Fossilized Wood Gem

Origins: The most famous source of jet is Whitby, England, although it is also found in other parts of the world, including the United States and Spain.

Mohs Hardness: 2.5–4

Jet is a fossilized wood that has become a dense, coal-like material under high pressure and heat for millions of years. It has a smooth, shiny black surface that is prized for its deep color and lightweight properties. Jet is often used in vintage jewelry, particularly in mourning pieces.

Its hardness makes it softer and more susceptible to damage than other gemstones, so it must be handled carefully. Jet is commonly associated with Victorian-era mourning jewelry, symbolizing sorrow and remembrance. Most jet is sourced from the UK, particularly in the Whitby area, though it can also be found in the United States and parts of Europe.

5. Ivory: The Gemstone of Diversity

Origins: Historically, ivory came from elephants, though it can also be obtained from walruses, narwhals, and other animals.

Mohs Hardness: 2.5–3

Ivory is an organic gemstone from the tusks of elephants, walruses, and other animals, although its use has become highly controversial and illegal in many countries due to conservation concerns. Ivory is prized for its smooth texture and natural, creamy white color. It was historically used for carvings, sculptures, and jewelry, often in the form of intricate designs and detailed figurines.

The material is soft, making it susceptible to scratches and damage. As the illegal trade of ivory has led to a decline in animal populations, many countries have imposed strict regulations on ivory trade and use, and alternatives made from synthetic or plant-based materials are now popular.

Synthetic & Lab Created Gemstones

Lab-created gemstones, also known as synthetic or man-made gemstones, are produced in laboratories using controlled environments. These stones are chemically identical to natural gemstones but are more affordable and ethically sourced.

1. Lab-Created Diamonds

Lab-created diamonds are chemically and visually identical to natural diamonds but are often more affordable and eco-friendly. Since they are produced under strict laboratory conditions, lab-created diamonds are free from the environmental and ethical issues associated with mining.

2. Moissanite

Moissanite is a lab-created gemstone that closely resembles diamond but has slightly different optical properties, giving it a higher brilliance. It’s an affordable alternative for those who appreciate the look of diamonds but want a unique option with ethical sourcing.

3. Lab-Created Rubies, Sapphires, and Emeralds

Many traditional gemstones, such as rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, are also created in laboratories. Lab-created versions offer the same color, hardness, and brilliance as natural ones but at a lower cost and with minimal environmental impact.

How to Choose the Right Gemstone Jewelry?

The selection of the gemstone can’t just be made on its color or name; there are many other factors that must be considered. Here are six key factors that will help you in making the right selection:

Bold gems like emeralds or sapphires make a statement, perfect for those who like to stand out. If you prefer something more understated, pearls or opals are great for a classic, minimal look.
If you are planning to wear your jewelry daily, choose durable stones like diamonds or sapphires. Softer gems like opals or pearls require more care and might not be suitable for everyday wear.
For formal events, go for something striking like rare gemstones or diamonds. For more casual or daily wear, opt for pieces with subtle stones.
Choose stones that have personal significance or match your style. Birthstones or stones associated with specific meanings can make your jewelry more special and meaningful.
Gemstones vary widely in price. Set your budget first and consider more affordable options like lab-grown diamonds or semi-precious stones to get the look you want without overspending.
The setting of the stone is very important to make or break your entire look. So, pick a setting that not only enhances the stone’s beauty but also suits your personal style.

Keep these tips in mind to find a piece of gemstone jewelry that is beautiful and perfectly align to your lifestyle.

The Bottom Line

As explored the vibrant world of gemstones in bit of detail, remember that the best piece is the one that resonates with you personally. So take these tips, find a gem that catches your eye, and make it a cherished part of your life.

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